BALANCING DEMANDS AND RESOURCES WITH CONTROL VARIABLES: A MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE EMPLOYEE WORK ENGAGEMENT: https://doi.org/10.37075/JOMSA.2025.2.04

Dalowar Hossan; Bert  Wolfs; Zuraina  Dato' Mansor; Noor-E-Medina Suraiya Jesmin; Aktar Ayesha

Authors

Dalowar Hossan Swiss Business School, Kloten-Zurich, Switzerland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3139-5880
Bert Wolfs Swiss Business School, Kloten-Zurich, Switzerland https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8606-7182
Zuraina Dato' Mansor School of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0982-356X
Noor-E-Medina Suraiya Jesmin Department of Law and Human Rights, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4872-9322
Aktar Ayesha Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1105-2927

Keywords:

Control Variables, Employee Work Engagement, Extended JD-R Theory, Quantitative Study, Sustainable Work Engagement Model

Abstract

Control variables are routinely included in research, yet their theoretical role remains largely implicit and under-specified. Addressing this gap, this study extends the Job Demands–Resources (JD–R) theory by systematically theorizing how control variables shape and condition the relationships between job demands, job resources, and employee work engagement. Specifically, the study conceptualizes control variables across five interrelated domains: general (demographic and temporal characteristics), job-domain (personality traits and individual differences), personal-domain (individual characteristics and situational factors), home-domain (social and environmental influences), and organizational-domain (leadership, management, and workplace structures and practices). Building on this integrative framework, the study develops theoretically grounded propositions that clarify the dynamic interplay between demands and resources, offering a deeper and more precise understanding of how sustainable employee work engagement is shaped.

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BALANCING DEMANDS AND RESOURCES WITH CONTROL VARIABLES: A MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE EMPLOYEE WORK ENGAGEMENT

https://doi.org/10.37075/JOMSA.2025.2.04

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